Introduction 137Cs is an artificial radionuclide with a half-life of 30. 2 years and strong gamma radiation that, due to nuclear explosions in the 1950s, and 1960s entered the earth's surface by the rain. The radionuclide has been widely used for the evaluation rates and patterns of soil erosion and deposition. 137Cs was rapidly adsorbed to fine particles of soil surface horizon and its distribution is basically accompanied by the physical processes of soil, such as erosion and tillage. 137Cs is distributed exponentially as a function of depth to a maximum depth ranging from 5 to 15 cm in the undisturbed soil. The basis of calculating of erosion by 137Cs method is based on comparison between the amount of 137Cs in studied soil and the Reference site (local, flat, un-eroded, undisturbed and stable site) and 137Cs loss or gain, relative to the Reference inventory, indicates soil erosion and deposition, respectively. So, the reliable and accurate Reference estimate of 137Cs is essential. No attempt has been made to explore the variability of 137Cs inventory in the Reference sites in Iran. Therefore, This study was conducted to evaluate variability of 137Cs inventory and its relationship with some soil properties at the Reference site located in Fereydan district in western of Isfahan province. Materials and Methods 96 soil samples were collected from 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depths. Moreover, for evaluation of vertical distribution of 137Cs, two profiles were excavated and 8 soil samples were collected from 0-5, 5-15, 15-25 and 25-35 cm depths. Gamma-ray spectrometry device was used for 137Cs analysis. Magnetic susceptibility values were measured using Bartington susceptimeter at low (0. 46 kHz) and high (4. 6 kHz) frequencies and magnetic susceptibility dependent was calculated by low and high frequency values. Soil properties including total nitrogen, organic material, cation exchange capacity, calcium carbonate equivalent, EC, pH, texture, gravel and bulk density were determined. Descriptive statistics including mean, minimum, maximum, standard deviation (SD), coefficients of variation (CV), skewness, and kurtosis were calculated by SPSS software, v. 16. The distribution of variables was evaluated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to examine the relationships between 137Cs and soil properties. Results and Discussion The coefficient of variation of 137Cs inventory were 15. 05 and 14. 05% in 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depth respectively. The result indicated that 137Cs has uniformly distributed in studied Reference site. The results of the study showed that OM, OM/Clay, CEC/Clay, EC, Sand, BD, χ lf and χ hf were correlated with 137Cs. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that bulk density, clay content and magnetic susceptibility at low frequency explained 43% of total variability of 137Cs in the studied Reference site. Conclusions In the present study, variability of 137cs was investigated in a Reference site in Ferydan district in Isfahan Province. The study showed that 137Cs had low variability. Among the soil physical and chemical properties, Soil pH, silt, gravel, nitrogen and calcium carbonate equivalent did not show significant correlation with 137Cs. The highest positive significant correlation was obtained for BD and 137Cs. Also, magnetic susceptibility at low and high frequencies showed significant correlations with 137Cs. In the multiple regression analysis, BD, clay content, and magnetic susceptibility were included in the model for explaining the 137Cs variability. It is suggested that similar study be done in the other Reference sites in the western Iran.

Archaeobotany is one of the interdisciplinary sciences in archaeology. Archaeobotany studies plant remains in archaeological contexts. Based on plant findings, it discusses topics such as people's livelihood, agriculture, vegetation, climate changes, dating, etc. So, this course can reply to many questions archaeologists face about an ancient site and people. In recent years, archaeologists have paid a lot of attention to this field and tried to use experts in excavations. One of the excavations that has paid a lot of attention to archaeobotany, is Feyzabad site. This site has Islamic periods. During the excavation in 2022 in this site, some ovens were found, as well as some samples from them. In this research, we intend to answer questions such as the functioning of the sampled ovens and the identification of plant remains in the ovens. Finally, by combining the information found, we will shed light on the lives of the people of this period. By doing this research, our information about the life of the people belonging to this area, their livelihood and the common types of plant remains used in this area will increase. Also, micro information about climatic conditions will be obtained. After carrying out the necessary investigations and research, it was found that the ovens found in the trench D8 are related to cooking to the inner part of the royal citadel. Besides the more specialized work that is being done, animal husbandry and agriculture are popular. Some climate changes such as warmer weather and less humidity were also identified

The Parthian and Sasanid sites of Valiran are situated in the suburbs of Damavand, a city in the east of Tehran. The discovery of burials along with the cereal and animal remains has made the situation apt for investigation of the pale diet.This research aimed at investigating the nutritional condition of the ancient inhabitants of Valiran site in Parthian period in order to understand the ancient geographical situation in the mentioned region.XRF method was used to analyz the archaeological skeletons.

Introduction: The expected values of hematologic and serum biochemical parameters in domestic animal species can be affected by breed, age, environment, and nutrition. Established breed-specific Reference intervals (RI) are an important tool for monitoring the health of sheep. There is a lack of published data on biochemical RI for Sngsari sheep. Thus, the aims of this study were to establish RI for select of serum biochemical parameters for Sangsari sheep by Reference Value Advisor (RVA) method and provide information on the studied parameters for both sex of this breed in order to form a basis for clinical interpretation. Materials and Methods: Sixty healthy Sangsari sheep including 26 ewes and 34 rams (2– 4 years old) were chosen from the breeding station of Sangsari sheep among 150 sheep in Damghan, Semnan, Iran. The type of feeding, all the animals had free access to water and to good-quality alfalfa hay (90. 0 % DM, 15. 8 CP % DM, 50. 4NDF%DM, 31. 6ADF%DM, 5. 8 lignin% DM, and 2. 2 EE % DM). Concentrate (23 % oats, 36 % corn, 38 % barley, and 3%mineral and vitamin supplements) was provided once daily (200 g per animal per day). In the sampling day, breeder signed a subscription form and completed a primary questionnaire consisting of specific questions about past and current health status, sexual status, medications used, and familial and reproductive medical history. Complete physical examinations were performed by the same experienced veterinarian on each sheep. In order to reduce stress, blood samples were taken in the station with minimal changes in the usual schedule of the sheep. Blood samples (taken from the jugular vein) were collected in simple tubes in order to separate the serum (centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min) for biochemical analysis. Samples transported at +4 ° C to the laboratory department of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan, Iran. Biochemical parameters were measured by a autoanalyzer. These parameters included alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyletransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein (TP) and albumin (Alb). For statistical analysis, data were analyzed by Reference Value Advisor and outliers were deleted if detected according to Tukey or Dixon. RIs, according to sample size, were determined using a robust method and following Box-Cox transformation of data. The data were normally distributed, and differences between sexes in biochemical parameters were analyzed using independent sample T test. A value of P<0. 05 was considered as significant. Results and Discussion: The RI of biochemical parameters obtained from adult healthy Sangsari sheep includes the following: ALP 49. 24-564. 84 u/l; GGT 24. 14-62. 23 u/l; AST 10. 86-338. 40 u/l; BUN 6. 91-26. 43 mg/dl; TP 5. 19-13. 95 gr/dl and Alb 0. 92-3. 63 gr/dl. Established RI of biochemical parameters for ewes and rams, respectively including: ALP 29. 98-702. 89 u/l; GGT 22. 41-54. 49 u/l; AST 1. 36-279. 89 u/l; BUN 5. 9526. 86 mg/dl; TP 5. 75-12. 83 gr/dl; Alb 0. 84-2. 77 gr/dl and ALP 106. 08-568. 55 u/l; GGT 20. 80-58. 30 u/l; AST 360. 12 u/l; BUN 8. 15-26. 04 mg/dl; TP 4. 66-15. 59 g/dl and Alb 0. 74-3. 77 g/dl. Interpretation of the biochemical results in different breeds of sheep, with regard to RI for each parameter, in conjunction with history, clinical findings and other paraclinical tests helps the clinician to reach a definitive diagnosis. A unique feature of Sangsari sheep is that they are highly adaptable with desert and mountain ranges with high tolerance of drought conditions. This breed is also relatively small size and light weight, and most studies have focused on genetic characteristics associated with this trait. In view of the characteristics mentioned above and considering the lack of Reference range for biochemical parameters, it is necessary to determine Reference intervals in Sangsari sheep. In order to establish a comprehensive Reference interval in Sangsari sheep, a select biochemical parameters were evaluated in the present study. Almost most of the established RI for biochemical parameters in this study differed from previously published RI, so that the lower and upper limits of RI of theses parameters (with the exception of BUN) were lower and higher than the values previously reported. Differences between obtained RI for the Sangsari sheep and previously reported RI for other breeds may be attributed to variations in hormonal influences, hydration status, dietary differences, or adaptations to a desert environment, age, breed, season of study and analytic method. Conclusion: The obtained data provided Reference interval for biochemical parameters in Sangsari sheep for the first time. Present study demonstrates significant differences in most of the biochemical parameters. Reference intervals determined in this study provide a baseline for interpreting biochemical results in Sangsari sheep, and contribute to optimization of the management of this species.

Background & Objective: In addition to pyramidal neurons and interneurons, the hippocampus contains Astrocytes that play important roles in regulating ion flux currents, energy production, neurotransmitter release and memory. Learning needs some instrument for information storage and information maintenances mechanisms resemble to memory. The aim of this study was determination of spatial memory effect on the number of astrocytes in rat’s hippocampus.Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, with usage of Morris Water Maze and Reference memory technique, we used 10 male albino wistar rats. 5 rats were in control group and 5 rats in Reference memory group. After histological preparation, the slides were stained with PTAH staining for showing the Astrocytes. Results: The findings of this study showed significant difference in astrocytes number in CA1, CA2 and CA3 area of hippocampus between control and Reference memory group. The mean and SD of astrocytes in CA1, CA2 and CA3 of Reference memory group were 118.57±25.29, 58.91±23.59 and 116.6±31.14, that they are more than control group with 49±17.29 in CA1, 48.8±25.21 in CA2 and 41.95±11.22 in CA3. Conclusion: We concluded that the number of astrocytes increased due to spatial learning (e.g. Reference memory method).

Primary core of Germi has been developed on the relative flat topographic space, but due to the land limitations, these days, this town is frequently (over 70%) developing in the high steep slopes (8 to 30 degrees). Active faults of the region and the presence of unresisting superficial and deposits and geological formations have caused instability of the urban constructions formation especially in the east and north east of this small city. In addition, the subsidence phenomena and cracks in foundations, due to deposit silts with the high percentage of clay and with high shear steers, have seriously threatened urban constructions. The large land slide in the 1995 destroyed some about the 250 residuals, hospitals and schools in the eastern slope of the town in the Katol district which led to obligatory replacing of some residuals. According to the research findings, out of whole urban land use (449.4 ha), 145.5 of them (32.4%) is located in the unsuitable to completely high risk zones. Therefore, occurrence of any earthquake stronger than 5.5 with Richter Scale, landslides, subsidence phenomena, subsidence liquefactions, and environmental hazards of geomorphic phenomena, result in crakes, movement and instability of soil formation, and the destruction of the constructions in the slopes.

Estimation of the water requirements of irrigated crops is one of the most important stages in designing irrigation and drainage projects. The accuracy of this estimation could secure the water requirements of field crops; it will also save water consumption. In general, water requirements of field crops is estimated by FAO-Penman-Montieth method based on the data collected from well irrigated stations (Reference stations). However, most of the climatologically stations are not located in places where irrigation is practiced. These stations are referred as non-Reference stations. Therefore using data of these stations might cause an overestimation of the evapotranspiration. In this study, the effect of site aridity on temperature and humidity data of Mashhad and Golmakan synoptic stations was surveyed compared with a Reference station in Golmakan, during 136 days of the growing season.Evapotranspiration was estimated with Hargreaves-Samani and Samani methods in which only temperature data and geographic coordination of the station is needed. Based on that, the effect of aridity on evapotranspiration was also evaluated. The results show that the situation of Golmakan synoptic station is very similar to the Reference situation because of the station position. Therefore, we can quite safely make use of the data of this station as Reference data. But the effect of site aridity in Mashhad synoptic station is very clear.

Most organizations in urban and urban structures in Ardabil embark on authority project planning and land use almost without scientific consideration of environmental potential, which does not conform to urban sustainable development. According to the soils physical analysis results, Liquid Limit and Plasticity Index of central and eastern part of the city are high. Also, due to the granolometric results of soil formation, there are high percentages of Clay, silt in the unresisting Quaternary alluvial and marl formation in the urban site. Therefore, high extension sensitive soil, silt and marl, gel fraction, capillarity frost heaving in some regions of Ardabil cause land subsidence, emergence of Creek, fussier and titling the structures walls and foundations and caused to intensive distraction of streets Asphalt. On the other hand, steepness of geology layers and topographic, influence of Neo-tectonic, and active micro faults, in the western parts of the city (Carshnasan and Cosar and Dadgostary) make the region a potentially high risk area. It is suggested, that urban sustainable planning must be undertaken with systematic study of site Geology, hydro-geomorphology and a prediction of probable problems.